When is total task chaining typically used?

Total task chaining is typically used when a child shows no independence on some steps of a task. This approach focuses on teaching the complete task in its entirety, allowing the child to understand the process from start to finish. When there is no independence on certain steps, it becomes essential to guide the child through each of them while providing support. This way, the child can gradually learn the task as a whole rather than only focusing on isolated steps.

The other options do not reflect the appropriate usage of total task chaining. For instance, if a child is fully independent on all steps, a different instructional strategy may be more effective, as total task chaining is designed for those who need assistance in the learning process. Similarly, if a child shows some independence, it may be more beneficial to focus on prompting or reinforcing only the steps where help is needed. Finally, total task chaining is not limited to group settings; it can also be effectively utilized in one-on-one instruction. Therefore, the correct context for using total task chaining is specifically when there is a lack of independence on some steps.