What is the role of backup reinforcers in a token economy?

In a token economy, backup reinforcers play a critical role by being the items or privileges that can be exchanged for tokens that individuals have earned through desirable behaviors. Tokens act as a form of currency for the participants, allowing them to accumulate and later trade for these backup reinforcers. This system encourages positive behavior by linking token earning to something tangible and desirable, which in turn motivates individuals to engage in the desired actions.

The other options do not accurately reflect the primary function of backup reinforcers in a token economy. Backup reinforcers are not a form of punishment; rather, they are incentives for positive behavior. They do provide benefits, but their main purpose is not about immediate feedback or measuring academic achievement but rather serving as rewards that can be obtained through the token system.